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Other provisioning services - Animal-based energy

Physical labour is provided by domesticated or commercial species, including oxen, horses, donkeys, goats and elephants. These can be grouped as draught animals, pack animals and mounts.

Benefits:

Physical labour

Ecosystem service:

Natural capital:

Species

Likely response	Effect of variability on services provision	Human action or natural variation	Timescale	Spatial Characteristics
			Short - Long term	Local to regional - impacts could be in the area of use or further up or downstream
			Short - Long term	Local to regional - impacts could be in the area of use or further up or downstream

Likely response	Effect of variability on services provision	Human action or natural variation	Timescale	Spatial Characteristics
			Mid - Long term	Local - impact can affect local insect population
			Mid - Long term	Local to regional - impact can be in the local area but also further afield
			Mid - Long term	Local - specific species that are selectively harvested for human use can impact local species population
			Mid - Long term	Local to regional - water use for agricultural production can impact local wetland species population

Likely response	Effect of variability on services provision	Human action or natural variation	Timescale	Spatial Characteristics
			Short - Long term	Local to regional – impacts could be in the area of the fish farm or further downstream
			Mid - Long term	Local - areas where terrestrial ecosystems are being used will be most impacted
			Short - Long term	Local to regional - diseases can be spread to wider regions through populations of infected species.
			Short - Long term	Local to global - impacts on species can be observed ranging from local to global level
			Short - Long term	Local - areas where disease afflicted-species reside can be impacted
			Short term	Local to regional - areas where invasive species occur can impact the local species

Likely response	Effect of variability on services provision	Human action or natural variation	Timescale	Spatial Characteristics
			Short - Long term	Local - areas with local pollutant inputs can be impacted
			Short - Long term	Local - impacts can be observed where certain species depend on certain habitat conditions
			Short - Long term	Local - specific species that are selectively used can impact other species population

Likely response	Effect of variability on services provision	Human action or natural variation	Timescale	Spatial Characteristics
			Short - Long term	Local to regional - impact can be in the local area but also further afield
			Long term	Local to global - climate is changing on a global level with changes in individual pest species occuring at more local and regional scales
			Short - Long term	Local - areas where pest population is high can be impacted
			Long term	Local to regional - impacts can vary depending on the range of species

Other provisioning services - Animal-based energy

Benefits:

Ecosystem service:

Natural capital:

Ecosystem components and types:

Mechanisms of change in state:

Change in species composition

Change in species population size

Diseases

Land /freshwater/ seabed area modification

Pests

Pollutants concentration change

Volcanoes

Weather conditions